climate change and urbanization,”- Both Canada and the United States arevulnerable to climate change; they are exposedto hurricanes and sea level rise. Resilience toclimate change is bolstered over the short termby excellent emergency response and recoverysystems. Long-term resilience is boosted bycareful planning as well as by North America’slarge and diverse economy, which can providealternative livelihoods for people who arehighly exposed to climate impacts.- In the United States, 40 percent of rivers are toopolluted for fishing and swimming. Pollution in the riversof North America comes mainly as storm-water runofffrom agricultural areas, urban and suburbandevelopments

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urban sprawl,”- is the encroachment of suburbs on agricultural land. Farms that wereonce highly productive have given way to expansive, low-density urban andsuburban residential developments where pavement, golf courses, office complexes,and shopping centers cover the landscape. The loss of farmland and natural habitatin the urban fringe affects recreational land and the ability to produce local,affordable food for urban populations.-Since 1990s, in many area

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