service sector,”Today, the economic base of North America is atertiary sector in which people are engaged in various services such as transportation, utilities, wholesale and retail trade, health, leisure, maintenance, finance, government, information, and education. In Canada and the United States, 75% of jobs are in the tertiary or service sector. This does not mean that all jobs are higher-paying! The average pay at the largest employer in the United States, Walmart, is just $12/hr, which is barely abovepoverty level. The service sector includes very high paying jobs

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people of north america,”- To secure a large, stable labor force, Europeans brought enslaved African workers intoNorth America, beginning in 1619. Within 50 years, enslaved Africans were thedominant labor force on some of the larger Southern plantations. The plantationsystem concentrated wealth in the hands of a small class of landowners, who made upjust 12 percent of Southerners in 1860. – Southerners did not invest as much in infrastructure at home, preventing road, rail

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quaternary sector (knowledge economy),”- The knowledge economy (or quaternary sector) includes workers whomanage information, such as those in finance, journalists, education,researchers, and health-care professionals. Because these industries are dependent on managers, communicators,thinkers and technicians, they are able to be located more flexibly,preferring clusters where there is a surplus of required talent, such as nearmajor universities or research institutions. The information technology (IT) sector, for example, which deals withcomputer software, hardware, and management of data

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economic core,”- By the end of the RevolutionaryWar in 1783, the mid-Atlantic region was on its way to becoming this, or thedominant economic region, of North America. Port cities such as New York, Philadelphia, andBaltimore prospered as the intermediary for trade between Europe and the vast AmericanContinental Interior.- By the 1840s, immigrant farmers from central and northern Europe, as well asEuropean descendants born in eastern North America, were pushing their waybeyond the Great Lakes and across the Mississippi River

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Gold Rush,”- By the 1840s, Europeans were coming to the valleys of the Rocky Mountains, tothe Great Basin, and to the well- watered and fertile coastal zones of what wasthen known as the Oregon Territory and California. News of the discovery of goldin California in 1849 created the this, which drew thousands with theprospect of getting rich quickly.The extension of railroads across the continent in the nineteenth centuryfacilitated the transportation of manufactured goods to the West and rawmaterials and (eventually) fresh produce to the East. – By the twentieth century, a vibrant agricultural economy had developed in centraland southern California; irrigated agriculture was made possible by massivegovernment-sponsored water movement projects. The mild Mediterranean climatemade it possible to grow vegetables almost year-round. With the advent ofrefrigerated railroad cars, fresh California vegetables could be sent to the majorpopulation centers of the East. Southern California’s economy rapidly diversified toinclude oil (see Figure 2.9E), entertainment

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trail of tears,”- During the 1800s, almost all the survivingNative Americans were either killed in one ofthe innumerable skirmishes with Europeannewcomers, absorbed into the societies of theEuropeans (through intermarriage andacculturation), or forcibly relocated west torelatively small reservations with fewresources. They were rounded up by the U.S.Army and marched to Oklahoma, along a routethat became known as this because of the more than 4,000 who diedalong the way.- After centuries of mistreatment, many NativeAmerican and First Nations people still live inpoverty, and as in all communities undersevere stress, rates of addiction and violenceare high, especially in the United States.However

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