Summary of motivation theories,”- Goal setting theory, the individual goals to individual efforts arrow means that goals direct behaviour- Expectancy theory, individual performance is determined by individual effort, ability to perform, job design and adequate evaluation systems. The final link is that the rewards-goal relationship.- Traditional need theories, motivation would be high if the rewards satisfy the dominant needs consistent with the individual’s goals.- Achievement-need theory, the high achiever is internally driven by individual goals.- Reinforcement theory, rewards encourage performance.- Equity theory, individuals will compare rewards on fairness and equality.- JCM, the five dimensions of job design will lead to higher effort and performance. Furthermore, they also increase an employee’s control over key elements in his/her work

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Transactional leaders,”Transactional leaders: Leaders who lead primarily by using social exchange (for transactions)- Transformational leaders develops from transactional leadersTransformational leader: Leaders who stimulate and inspire (transform) followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes- Transformational leaders are more: effective, higher performance

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Motivation in though economic circumstances,”It is difficult to keep employees motivated under circumstances of layoffs, thigh budgets, benefit cuts etc. Managers came to realize they had to motivate in ways that didn’t involve money. Actions as open communication, asking their input and creating a community gave employees the feeling that management cared

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