Category: Management

Organizational change and 3 ways,”any alternation of an organization’s people, structure or technology.Changes can occur in different ways:Changing structure. Any change in authority relationships, coordination mechanisms, degree of centralization, job design or similar organization structure variables. Example: restructuring work units, empowering employees, decentralizing.o Changing technology Modifications in the way work is done or the methods and equipment used. Example: computerizing work processes and procedures, adding robots, mobile communication tools.o Changing people Changes in employee attitudes, expectations

Management

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Change agents,”people who act as change catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the change process. o Any manager. We assume that organizational change is initiated and carried out by a manager within the organization.o Non-manager For example an internal staff specialist or an outside consultant whose expertise is in change implementation.outside consultants may not understand the history, culture, operating procedures, personnel of company

Management

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How can manager foster innovation?,”If an organization wants innovative products and work methods (outputs), it has to take inputs and transform them into outputs. Inputs include creative people and groups within the organization. The transformation process required having the right environment to turn those inputs into innovative products or work methods.Structural variables: organic structure, minimal time pressure, abundant resources, Human resource variables: high job security, creative people, high commitment to training and development Cultural variables: low external control, acceptance of ambiguity, tolerance of conflicts and risks, positive feedback

Management

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change happen? 2 metaphors:,”‘Calm Waters’ metaphor is a description of organizational change that likens that change to a large ship making a predictable trip across a calm sea and experiencing an occasional storm. According to Lewin’s three-step-process, successful change requires unfreezing the status quo, changing to a new state, and freezing the new change to make it permanent. The status quo can be the equilibrium state. Unfreezing can be removed by:- Increasing the driving forces which direct behaviour away from the status quo- Decrease the restraining forces, which hinder movement from the existing equilibrium- Do bothIt should be freezed to sustain over time. In this process

Management

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How do structural variables affect innovation?,”- An organic-type structure positively influences innovation, because this stucture is low in formalization, centralization and work soecialization. It facilitated the flexibility and sharing of ideas that are critical to innovation- The availability of plentiful resources provides a key building block for innovation. With an abundance of resources, managers can afford to purchase innovations, can afford the cost of instituting innovations, and can absorb failures- Frequent communication between organizational units helps break barriers to innovation. – Extreme time pressures on creative activities are minimized despite the demand of white-water-rapids-type environments- When an organisation’s structure explicitly supports creativity

Management

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