Fibromuscular dysplasia?,”FD is a noninflammatory and nonatherosclerotic condition that presents most commonly in women age 15-50. The condition affects primarily the renal arteries and causes hypertension. Involvement of the cerebrovascular arteries (eg, carotid, vertebral) can cause symptoms of brain ischemia (eg, transient ischemic attack, amaurosis fugax, stroke) or nonspecific symptoms (eg, headache, pulsatile tinnitus, dizziness). Patients with renal artery involvement usually develop hypertension. Diagnosis is usually confirmed with noninvasive imaging (CT angiography of the abdomen or duplex U/S). FMD decreases perfusion to the kidneys

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Spinal cord compression?,”A patient’s presentation – motor and sensory loss, absent rectal tone, and urinary retention – is worrisome for acute spinal cord compression (SCC). SCC is most commonly caused by disk herniation, compression fractures, or malignancy. Immediate neurosurgical evaluation is warranted to avoid permanent neurologic dysfunction. Typically, neuroimaging (ie, MRI of the spine) is performed while awaiting surgical evaluation. High-dose glucocorticoids are often used

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Pseudogout?,”Attacks of pseudogout often occur in the setting of trauma, surgery, or medical illness. PAtients with pseudogout present with acute pain, swelling, redness, and limited motion of the involved joint (s), with the knee being the most commonly affected (> 50% of cases). Fever, leukocytosis with a left shift, and chondrocalcinosis (calcified articular cartilage) may also occur in pseudogout. Synovial fluid analysis is critical for distinguishing between gout and pseudogout. The identification of rhomboid

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