Sinus bradycardia?,”The normal heart rate is usually 60-100/min. The first step in symptomatic patients is to identify and treat reversible causes, followed by administration of IV atropine for initial treatment of the bradycardia and hypotension. In patients with an inadequate response, further treatment options include IV epinephrine or dopamine

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Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW)?,”in WPW, an accessory pathway conducts depolarization directly from the atria to the ventricles without traversing the AV node. Afib occurs in 10-30% of individuals with WPW, and is a potentially life-threatening emergency. Persistent Afib with rapid ventricular response in patients with WPW can ultimately deteriorate into ventricular fibrillation (VFib).Acute treatment is aimed at prompt control of Vfib and termination of Afib as follows:- Hemodynamically unstable patients require immediate electrical cardioversion- For stable patients

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Hypovolemic hyponatremia?,”Hypovolemic hyponatremia can be due to acute blood loss, renal (eg, diuretics) or GI (eg, diarrhea, vomiting) volume loss, or primary adrenal insufficiency. Volume depletion from these conditions results in loss of both sodium and water. Hypovolemia decreases effective arterial volume to the kidney, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This leads to increased renin, angiotensin

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