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What are the top 3 causes of pneumaturia?
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Read moreWhat is the approach to causes of hyperkalemia?,”Pseudohyperkalemia: hemolysed samples, leukocytosis, thrombocytosisShift out of cell: diabetes, metabolic ACIDOSIS, B-blockade, rhabdomyolysis, tumour lysis syndrome, blood transfusionIncreased intake: very rareDecreased excretion: RENAL FAILURE, HYPOALDOSTERONISM (ACEi/ARB, spironolactone, NSAIDs
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Read moreWhat is the approach to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia??,”Conjugated (always hepatic):Hepatocellular damage – Viral hepatitis, alcohol, drugs (acetaminophen, INH, statins), sepsis/infectionsIntrahepatic cholestasis – Infiltrates (CA, infection, sarcoid), drugs (OCP, Beta-lactams), reduced excretion (Dubin Johnson, Rotor’s)Biliary obstruction – stones, bile duct carcinoma, PSC
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Read moreHow can we determine the etiology of hyperkalemia in terms of release from cells versus impaired renal excretion?
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Read moreWhat is the approach to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia?,”Unconjugated:Liver – Decreased uptake (Rifampin, CHF), decreased conjugated (Gilbert, Crigler-Najjar, Estrogen)Non-liver – Production (hemolysis, hematomas), drug hemolysis (sulfa, nitrofurantoin
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Read moreWhat are medications that commonly cause an extracellular shift of potassium?
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Read moreWhat is an approach to proteinuria?,”Glomerular (1-3g/d, >3g/d) – nephrotic, nephritic, diabetesTubular (0.5 – 1 g/d) – AIN, ATNFunctional (<1g/d) - infection, fever, exercise
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Read moreWhat are medications that commonly impair renal excretion of K?,”SHANK1. Septra2. Heparin (chronic, blocks aldosterone synthesis) 3. ACEi
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Read moreWhat is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in pediatric patients?
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