“Measuring actual performance (in control, 4)”,”- Personal observation: first-hand information not filtered through others. Management by walking around (MBWA) is when a manager is out in the work area interacting with employees. However, it is time consuming, subjective and might be obtrusive. – Statistical reports: graphs, charts etc. It is easy to visualize and for showing relationships. However, provides limited information.- Oral reports: conferences, meetings, conversations etc. (Dis)advantages are similar as personal observation. The major drawback if documenting for future reference.- Written reports: formal, greater comprehensiveness and conciseness

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does culture affect leadership,”- Effective leaders do not use a single style, adjust to situation- National culture affects leadership style because how followers will respond.- Most leadership theories are developed in US- GLOBE study, elements same in every culture: Vision, foresight providing encouragement, trustworthiness, dynamism

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